Natural river floodplains are among the biologically most productive and diverse ecosystems on earth. The principal driving force for productivity and biodiversity in these systems is the flood pulse, i.e. the temporary flooding of the aquatic-terrestrial transition zones bordering the rivers. This flood pulse is determined by geomorphological and hydrological conditions that control its magnitude, timing, duration and predictability. In many rivers the natural flood pulse is severely altered by river regulation like dams and dykes, or changes in land use. Superimposed on these impacts, even modest climate changes will have major consequences on the flood dynamics of large rivers. Man-induced alterations in hydrological regimes and the reduction of floodplain wetland areas are considered a major threat for biodiversity and natural resource production, in particular for fish. There is a rapidly growing appreciation of floodplains for flood protection in combination with river rehabilitation (biodiversity and fish production), especially in view of expected global warming effects.
Floodplains play a key-role in the life cycle of many fish species. Life history strategies in the diverse fish faunas of large rivers are highly adapted to the natural hydrological regime, i.e. the timing and duration of inundation. The wide array of different temporal floodplain habitats is crucial for many species, especially in relation to spawning and nursery. In addition to the well-studied species-specific suitability of habitats for different life stages, the actual availability of these habitats - controlling the recruitment success per species - needs to be determined by integrating the flood pulse with local geomorphology. To make rational decisions about the quality and extent of river rehabilitation in relation to fish biodiversity, it is essential to understand the ecological functioning of floodplains and its quantitative relationship with the characteristics of the flood pulse.
The objective of the project is to analyse flood pulse dynamics in response to changes in river flow regime over different temporal and spatial scales, and relating these to the availability of floodplain habitats for recruitment and reproduction of riverine fish species, and thereby on fish population dynamics.
We study these processes in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, Russian Federation, which is a large and almost intact floodplain system. Two PhD students and a Postdoc study the specific habitat requirements for a range of fish species with habitat availability from variation in flood pulses on small and large spatio-temporal scales, determined by using hydrological models and empirical studies to identify the key mechanisms that determine annual fish reproduction related to year-to-year variation in the flood pulse.
In 2007 fieldwork has been carried out in the Volga floodplains near Volgograd, Russia. During the flood pulse in April-June characteristics of the hydrology (water levels, temperature, inflow and outflow patterns) and fish ecology (spawning migration, timing of reproduction, habitat availability of fish larvae) have been measured. In August hydrological details of the floodplain and the fish recruitment success in floodplain water bodies has been measured. The extreme high and extended flow pulse in 2007, in contrast to the extremely low flood pulse of 2006, clearly demonstrated the dynamics that affect biodiversity and population dynamics of biota in the floodplains. |